AMAÇ: Çalýþmanýn temel amacý konteyner gemileri karaya oturma kazalarýnda insan hatasý kaynaklý kaza nedenlerini belirlemek ve çözüm önerileri getirmektir.
YÖNTEMLER: Kaza verileri ve çözüm önerileri analizinde Analitik Hiyerarþi Prosesi (AHP) kullanýlmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Kazalarýn önlenmesinde alternatif çözüm önerilerinden vardiya zabiti sayýsýnýn arttýrýlmasý en yüksek önceliðe sahip olup ardýndan sýrasýyla gemi öncesi-içi eðitim, köprü üstü kaynak yönetimi uygulamalarý, gözcü eklenmesi ve son olarak ECDIS cihazýnýn etkin kullanýmýnýn önemli olduðu belirlenmiþtir.
SONUÇ: Konteyner gemilerinde karaya oturma kazalarýnýn önlenmesinde en önemli etmenlerin sýrasýyla güverte vardiya zabiti sayýsýnýn artýrýmý, gemi öncesi ve gemide eðitim, köprü üstü kaynak yönetimi gemi içi uygulamalarý, gözcü kullanýlmasý son olarak ECDIS cihazý olduðu belirlenmiþtir.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the study was to identify the human error-related causes of marine accidents that involve grounding, and bring solution for these accidents.
METHODS: The AHP was used for the analysis of the accident data and the proposed solutions.
RESULTS: Preventive measures for grounding accidents on container ships is increasing the number of watch keeping officers, pre-ship and on-ship trainings, bridge resource management applications, the use of lookouts and the use of the ECDIS device.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it was determined that the measure with the highest priority for preventing grounding accidents with container ships is increasing the number of watch keeping officers. Other measures which were effective for preventing grounding accidents are included pre-joining and on-board trainings, bridge resource management applications practices, the use of lookouts, and, finally, the use of the ECDIS device.

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Astronomide çeþitli problemlerin grafik olarak gösterilmesi, yýldýzlarýn yükseklik açýlarýnýn ölçülmesi, enlemlerin belirlenmesi, zamanýn ölçülmesi, burçlarla ilgili bilgilerin elde edilmesi gibi alanlarda kullanýlan usturlab, 18. yy.a kadar denizcilerin açýk denizde yer bulmada yararlandýklarý bir araçtý. Bir tür kadran aský sistemi ile gözlemde dik olarak kullanýlan, taþýnabilir bir araç olan usturlab ile ana konumlarda bulunan yýldýzlarýn ve güneþin ufuk üzerindeki yükseklik ve azimutlarý doðrudan ölçülerek konum belirlenirdi. Astronomi tarihinde en yaygýn ve en tanýnmýþ araç olan “Astrolabe” olarak adlandýrýlan usturlab, M.Ö. 4-2. yy.da Yunanlarca bilinmekteydi. Antikçað’da belirli bir geliþim gösterse de, asýl çeþitliliðinin ve kullanýmýnýn 8-9. yy.da Arap-Ýslam kültüründe arttýðý bilinmektedir.(1) Haçlý Seferleri sýrasýnda ve Endülüs döneminde Müslümanlar’dan öðrenilen usturlab, özellikle Ýspanyol ve Portekizli denizciler tarafýndan enlemleri kutup yüksekliðine göre bulmadaki pratikliði sayesinde açýk deniz seyrinde kullanýldý. Ýslamiyet’in ortaya çýkýþý ve geniþ bir coðrafyaya yayýlmasýyla birlikte namaz, oruç gibi ibadetlerin zamanýnýn ve kýble yönünün belirlenmesinde usturlablar kullanýldý. Osmanlýlar’da ise Ýslam kültürünün devamý niteliðinde geliþen astronomi, 15. yy.ýn sonlarýna doðru kurumsallaþarak “Müneccimbaþýlýk” kurumu altýnda faaliyetini sürdürdü. Bu kurum bünyesinde yer alan muvakkithane ve rasathanelerde usturlab yapýmý ve kullanýmýnýn devam ettiði görülmektedir.(2) Ayrýca usturlablar Türk denizcileri tarafýndan 15-16. yy.larda denizde kolaylýk saðladýðý için yoðun olarak kullanýldý. Bu dönemden elimize ulaþan Ýstanbul’da çeþitli kurumlarda korunan usturlablar bulunmaktadýr.

Bu çalýþmada usturlabýn çalýþma prensipleri ve kullanýmý açýklanarak, denizcilik alanýnda kullanýmýna yönelik tarihsel kaynaklardan örnekler verilmektedir. Usturlabýn günümüze ulaþan en iyi örneklerinden sayýlabilecek Ýstanbul Topkapý Sarayý, Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deniz Müzesi’nde yer alan usturlablarýn künye bilgileri ve teknik özellikleri sunulmaktadýr. Bu araçlarla ilgili daha önce yapýlmýþ ayrýntýlý araþtýrma bulunmamaktadýr. Çalýþmaya kaynak saðlayan usturlablarla ilgili araþtýrma, ilgili kurumlardan alýnan izinler doðrultusunda 2013 yýlýnda Ýstanbul müzelerinde gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Araçlarla ilgili künye bilgileri bulunduklarý kurumlardan ve araþtýrmacýnýn kendi incelemeleri sonucunda çýkarýlmýþtýr.

Astrolabe which was a device used on navigation by navigators until the 18th century, was used in areas such as representing of the various graphical problems, measuring of the altitude angels of the stars, determining of the latitudes, measuring of the time, obtaining information about the zodiac and etc. in astronomy. Astrolabe which was a portable device like a quadrant and used upright on observation, the altitude and positions of the stars and the sun were measured and located by an astrolabe on the horizon. Astrolabe was the most common and best-known device in astronomy and known by the Greeks in the 2ⁿᵈ-4th centuries BC. It can be known that, however it was developed in ancient times, its variations and usage was increased in the Arab-Islamic culture in the 8th-9th centuries.[1] Astrolabe which was learned by Muslims during the period of the Crusades and the Andalusia, was used on the open sea navigation especially by the Spanish and Portuguese navigators thanks to its practical usage about measuring of the latitudes according to the polar altitude. Towards the end of the 15th century, astronomy studies which were developed as a continuation of the Islamic culture in Ottoman were institutionalized and continued in “Müneccimbaþýlýk”. The using and producing of astrolabes were continued until the 18th century in muvakkithanes and observatories under this institution.[2] There are protected and extant examples of astrolabes in the various museums in Ýstanbul.

The article aims to study, the principles, usage and extant examples of astrolabe on the Ýstanbul Topkapý Palace Museum, Ýstanbul Kandilli Observatory and Ýstanbul Maritime Museum.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: AMAÇ: It is a fact that maritime transport is essential for achieving sustainable transport development, and the concept of sustainable development has recently raised great interest in maritime industry. The fundamental role in driving and supporting the sustainability should be pursued by young people, and in Turkey as a developing country sustainable maritime development should be specially emphasized by the young population amounting to one third of total. The aim of this paper is to analyze the perceptions of female and male students on sustainable maritime development concept.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: YÖNTEMLER: In order to reach this aim, a study was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to maritime faculty students in Turkey. Three pillars of sustainable maritime development were used to reveal how important the issue is for students and how they monitor them.
BULGULAR: The study indicated strong importance of social sustainable maritime development while the most important driver perceived as one of the environmental item “water pollution”.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: SONUÇ: The results of the study reveal not only the perceptional differences between Turkish female and male students on sustainable development concept but also on sources of environmental concerns.

INTRODUCTION: OBJECTIVE: It is a fact that maritime transport is essential for achieving sustainable transport development, and the concept of sustainable development has recently raised great interest in maritime industry. The fundamental role in driving and supporting the sustainability should be pursued by young people, and in Turkey as a developing country sustainable maritime development should be specially emphasized by the young population amounting to one third of total. The aim of this paper is to analyze the perceptions of female and male students on sustainable maritime development concept.
METHODS: In order to reach this aim, a study was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to maritime faculty students in Turkey. Three pillars of sustainable maritime development were used to reveal how important the issue is for students and how they monitor them.
RESULTS: The study indicated strong importance of social sustainable maritime development while the most important driver perceived as one of the environmental item “water pollution”.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: The results of the study reveal not only the perceptional differences between Turkish female and male students on sustainable development concept but also on sources of environmental concerns.

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AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada, gemilerin limanlara yanaþmadan önce ve yanaþtýktan sonra liman tarafýndan uygulanan operasyonel faaliyetler incelenerek limanlarýn operasyonel planlama süreçlerinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEMLER: Bu çalýþma kapsamýnda evreni temsil etmesi amacýyla kolayda örnekleme metodu ile Türkiye’de 4 farklý bölgede (Karadeniz, Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz) faaliyet gösteren 6 liman iþletmesi seçilmiþtir. Mülakat tekniði kullanýlarak elde edilen veriler nitel araþtýrma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi ile incelenmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Toplantýlarýn aðýrlýklý olarak; liman operasyon müdürleri, þefler ve formenlerin katýlýmýyla, genellikle her sabah 10: 00’ da ve tüm liman veya rýhtým bazýnda gerçekleþtirildiði bulgusuna ulaþýlmýþtýr.
SONUÇ: Araþtýrmanýn bulgularýna dayanarak elde edilen sonuçlara göre liman iþletmelerinin operasyonel planlama süreçlerinin; katýlýmcýlar, toplantý sýklýðý, öncelikler, kapsam ve göz önünde tutulan hususlar açýsýndan farklýlýk gösterdiði ortaya çýkmýþtýr.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, it is aimed to analyze the operational planning process of ports via examining the operational activities implemented by port operators.
METHODS: 6 ports which operate in four different regions (Black Sea, Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean) in Turkey were selected with convenience sampling method in order to represent the universe of the study. The data obtained via interview techniques were analyzed by using content analysis as a qualitative research method.
RESULTS: It has been found that the operational plan meetings has been mainly held with participation of port operation managers, chief and foreman, usually at 10: 00 each morning on the basis of all port or berth.
CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained from the research findings, it is revealed that operational planning processes of the ports differ from each other in terms of participators and frequency of meetings, priorities, scope, and concerns.

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Yolcu gemisi sektörü, dünya turizminde payý en yüksek olan sektörlerden bir tanesidir. Hýzla büyüyen bu sektör, yolcu gemilerini yüzer þehirler haline dönüþtürmüþtür. Dev yolcu gemileri gerek binlerce yolcusunun ürettiði gerekse de operasyonu sýrasýnda oluþturduðu atýklar bakýmýndan denizlerimiz için ciddi bir tehdit haline gelmiþtir. 3000 – 4000 yolcu kapasiteli bu yüzer þehirlerin diðer yük gemileriyle karþýlaþtýrýldýklarýnda önemli miktarda pis su boþaltýmý yaptýklarý görülmektedir. Oluþan pis suyun arýtým ve boþaltým prosedürleri MARPOL ve EPA gibi önemli kuruluþlar tarafýndan düzenlenmekte ve denetlenmektedir. Bu çalýþmada pis su arýtým sistemlerinin tipleri, çalýþma prensipleri, arýtýlmýþ atýðýn ulusal ve uluslararasý kuruluþlar tarafýndan belirlenen standartlara uygunluðu ve denetim kuruluþlarýnýn boþaltým standartlarý incelenerek karþýlaþtýrýlmýþtýr. Pis su arýtýmýnda özellikle yolcu gemilerinde kullanýlan MSDs (Klasik Arýtma Sistemleri) ve AWTs (Geliþmiþ Atýk Su Arýtma Sistemleri) sistemlerinin pis su içeriðinde bulunan patojen, nütrient, kimyasal bileþenler ve aðýr metal gibi zararlý bileþenleri arýtma yöntemleri hakkýnda bilgiler verilmiþtir. Bu sistemlerin verimleri birbirleriyle karþýlaþtýrýlarak, uluslararasý pis su boþaltým kurallarýna uygunluðu incelenmiþtir. MSD ve AWT sistemleri, arýtým prosedürleri ve arýttýklarý atýk suyun konsantrasyonlarý açýsýndan karþýlaþtýrýldýklarýnda, AWT sistemlerinin, MSD sistemlerine göre daha yüksek ve kaliteli þekilde arýtým yaptýðý görülmüþtür. Özellikle Alaska sularýna yapýlan boþaltýmlarý denetleyen EPA’nýn, diðer uluslararasý kurallara göre daha sýký olan standartlarý, özellikle yolcu gemilerinde MSD sisteminden, AWT sistemine geçiþi kaçýnýlmaz hale getirmiþtir.

Cruise shipping sector is one of the most important sectors that has a great share in world tourism. This sector, which is getting bigger rapidly, transforms cruise ships into floating cities. The great cruise ships became a serious threat for the seas and oceans by producing wastes by either passengers or operation phase. It is observed that the passenger ships, which have 3000-4000 passenger capacity, discharge a considerable amount of sewage comparing with the other cargo ships. The treatment and discharge procedures of sewage are regulated and inspected by MARPOL and EPA. In this study, the types of sewage treatment systems, working principles, the convenience of treated wastes to national and international standards and the discharge standards of inspection organizations are compared. MSDs (Marine Sanitation Device System) and AWTs (Advanced Wastewater Treatment System), which are used especially on cruise ships, are explained in terms of treatment systems for pathogen, nutrients, chemicals and heavy metals. The efficiency of these systems are compared and the convenience of them to international sewage discharge regulations is investigated. When comparing MSD and AWT systems in terms of treatment procedures and the concentrations of treated wastewater, it is clearly seen that AWT systems are more qualified than MSD systems. EPA’s standards, which are stricter than other international rules and monitors the discharges to Alaska waters, make the transition from MSD to AWT inevitable.

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